Concrete coatings of road traffic highways along with operational loadings caused by flow of traffic are subjected to weather and climate impacts. These are the following impacts: changes in temperature and air humidity, solar radiation,

surface wind speed which is participating in formation of active heat-and-mass transfer in a surface layer of the concrete coating. One of the most complicated and important periods in the road traffic highway operation is so called transitional nature period (from Summer to Autumn and from Winter to Spring). These periods are accompanied by intensive rain and snow fall and possible formation of ice loading on the surface of cement and concrete coatings. These impacts significantly deteriorate friction properties of road pavement (friction factor φ is decreased up to 0.4 and less) that can be a prerequisite to creation of various accident situations due to sharp increase in braking distance. For example, while having dry pavement the friction factor φ is equal to 0.80–0.85, and during icy condition of the road the factor φ constitutes 0.08–0.15 that consequently entails an increase in braking distance from 7.5 up to 20.0 m and more. It is quite possible that ice layer appears on the surface of concrete coatings when road traffic highways are used in winter season. Various methods are applicable to remove ice from the surface they can include also ice-melting chemicals and sodium chloride NaCl in particular. The chemical decreases freezing temperature of the formed brine and causes ice melting at negative temperature. Processes of NaCl dissolution and ice melting have an endothermic character, in other words these processes are accompanied by heat ingress and due to it temperature is sharply decreasing in the surface layer of the concrete coating which is under the melting ice and in this case phenomenon of thermal shock is observed.

The paper presents results of investigations on influence of domestic complex chemical additive containing structured carbon nanomaterial and characterized by combined (curing acceleration and plasticizing) effect on concrete curing kinetics in non warm-up version of monolithic concreting technology. Standardized and original methods have revealed experimentally regularities in increase of strength for heavy cement concrete under the influence of specific accelerating UKD-1 additive component and the additive itself according to its dosage (within the range of 0.5–2.0 % of cement mass). Growth rate dependences for the concrete with UKD-1 additive on basic technological factors: cement quality, water-cement ratio value, concrete composition and concrete mixture consistency, curing environment temperature and heat-insulating characteristics of shuttering blocks have been evaluated in the paper. Such approach has made it possible to substantiate rational modes and parameters of conditions for concrete curing with the UKD-1 additive in order to ensure strength (under compression) in the 50–100 % range of the required value at the project age of 28 days without energy consumption for acceleration of its curing.

The paper deals with the effect of sodium citrate on the formation of a cement stone in the aluminous binder. Formation of cement stone framework in cement hydraulic binder is accompanied with complicated physical and chemical processes of interphase interactions and dispersion, these processes are predicated on qualitative and quantitative composition of the cement mortar, continuous changes in its properties from preparation stage till curing. Addition of sodium citrate to tempering water enhances hydration of both Portland cement and calcium aluminate cement. Process pertaining to an increase of cement hydration rate is considered as a consequence of destruction in surface formations and exclusion of damping effect in respect of hydration rate and hydrolysis of products resulted from interaction of clinker material with tempering. It has been established that sodium citrate makes it possible to control processes of hydration, hydrolysis, binding and curing for cement mass. High degree of hydration of aluminous cement in the presence of sodium citrate provides fast binding and curing of binder, low porosity and rather high compression breaking strength of cement stone for all curing stages. An increase in concentration of sodium citrate in cement mixture up to 10 % of the cement mass exerts an influence not only on the process of cement mortar liquefaction, reduction of time for cement mass setting and hardening but also increases compression strength of cement stone. An analysis of the structure for cleavage surface of cement stone gives ground to declare that the addition of sodium citrate provides cement stone sealing and reduces its water absorption.

Construction of first drainage tubular systems has been facing such problem as their protection against silting-up by soil particles penetrating through input openings. Searches and investigations have led to usage of various fibrous materials which are playing the role of filters. At the beginning glass-fibre mats have been widely applied for this purpose. However, the mats possessing good filtration properties have had a number of fundamental disadvantages. Works executed at the Institute of Mechanics of Metal Polymeric Systems (Gomel, Republic of Belarus) have played a big role in usage of plastic materials. A new technology has been developed with the purpose to obtain thermally-bonded fibres from thermoplastic material. The fibres have been called as polyethylene mats. Investigation of their properties has been carried out under load and it has revealed that their lateral and longitudinal permeability becomes equal at specified pressures, in other words the material takes an isotropic state. The considered interactions of filtrating material and skeleton frame have shown that the main water filtration occurs directly above perforation holes while the material above blind frame sections does not participate in the process. Due to this a new design of the filtrating element has been developed and it can be used in water intake systems for surface and underground water. The filtrating element consists of the skeleton frame with openings and a filtration covering which is installed on the frame. Water-feeding groove cavities are located on the skeleton frame and they are dispersing from perforation holes in the form of beams. These grooves can have side branches of the second, third and other orders. As beam-like arrangement of grooves creates the shortest flow paths for filtrated water from periphery to frame holes and area of groove cross section exceeds the area of poral holes in water in-take covering by a factor of hundreds, it is possible to ensure free water flow to openings. So such approach makes it possible to obtain high element productivity because practically the whole surface of the water in-take covering is involved in the process. Such filtrating elements can be used in various constructions for filtration of liquid and gas.

Definition of reliability for dams of slime storage embankment is given on the basis of reliability theory and characteristics of reliability and their analysis are presented in the paper. The paper specifies qualitative indices for earth dams which are subdivided in two groups: applicability factors and structural reliability factors. A short analysis of all possible causes for accident initiation at earth dams has been made and the analysis has permitted to pinpoint eleven main objects for diagnosis for slime storage dams. In order to assess risk degree of accident initiation at JSC “Belaruskali” slime storages all possible causes of emergency cases and their probability of occurrence have been analyzed in the paper. The paper acknowledges the fact that dam malfunction is possible, as a rule, due to violation of operational rules and regulations. Main parameters of slime storage state which are to be controlled regularly in the process of its operation have been noted in the paper. Observation results over slime storages, calculations of dam slope stability for normal operation (a principal calculation case) and operating irregularities in water seals (a special calculation case). As a stability margin factor is close to 1.0 for a special calculation case, an extreme position of depression curve has been determined for all design sections. It has been recommended to carry out a constant control over its position, and in the case when it reaches its peak value it is necessary to undertake appropriate measures in order to reduce its value. Final expert estimations on probability of accident initiation at the investigated slime storage dams of the 4th Mining Administration, JSC “Belaruskali” have been prepared on the basis of the analysis comprising all the required factors. A conclusion has been made about low risk degree of their destruction.

Having a great number of concrete structure classifications it is recommended to specify the following three principal types: microstructure – cement stone structure; mesostructure – structure of cement-sand mortar in concrete; macrostucture – two-component system that consists of mortar and coarse aggregate. Every mentioned-above structure has its own specific features which are related to the conditions of their formation. Thus, microstructure of cement stone can be characterized by such structural components as crystal intergrowth, tobermorite gel, incompletely hydrated cement grains and porous space. The most important technological factors that influence on formation of cement stone microstructure are chemical and mineralogical cement composition, its grinding fineness, water-cement ratio and curing condition. Specific cement stone microstructure is formed due to interrelation of these factors. Cement stone is a capillary-porous body that consists of various solid phases represented predominantly by sub-microcrystals of colloidal dispersion. The sub-microcrystals are able adsorptively, osmotically and structurally to withhold (to bind) some amount of moisture. Protection of road concrete as a capillary-porous body is considered as one of the topical issues. The problem is solved with the help of primary and secondary protection methods. Methods of primary protection are used at the stage of designing, preparation and placing of concrete. Methods of secondary protection are applied at the operational stage of road concrete pavement. The paper considers structures of concrete solid phase and characteristics of its porous space. Causes of pore initiation, their shapes, dimensions and arrangement in the concrete are presented in the paper. The highest hazard for road concrete lies in penetration of aggressive liquid in it and moisture transfer in the cured concrete. Water permeability of concrete characterizes its filtration factor which depends on curing time and conditions and operational conditions as well.

The paper analyzes advantages and disadvantages of composite reinforcement while reinforcing concrete structures. Results of experimental investigations on adhesion strength of fiberglass reinforcement manufactured in the Republic of Belarus with concrete have been given in the paper. The paper contains an analysis pertaining to the influence of concrete contact diameter and length of fiberglass reinforcing bars on strength and deformability of adhesion with concrete. Failure behavior of prototypes and maximum loading that does cause breakage in adhesion of fiberglass reinforcement with the concrete have been controlled in order to study the influence of diameter and length of fiberglass reinforcing bar contact with the concrete on strength and deformability of concrete adhesion for composite reinforcement produced by various manufacturers. Displacement of non-loaded (free) and loaded ends of the reinforcing bars with regard to concrete exposed face on both specimen ends has been also controlled. The experiments have shown that destruction of the prototypes occurred due to initiation of one of the following three reasons: reinforcement sliding in reference to concrete, cleaving of a protective concrete layer or breakage of composite reinforcement. Start-up moments for reinforcing bar slip in relation to the concrete have been determined with the help of two methods. The paper provides proposals for calculation assessment of anchorage in the concrete for fiberglass reinforcement manufactured by the following enterprises and companies “Stroykompozit” (Gomel, Republic of Belarus), Research and Production Company (RPC) “Biznes-Kontinent” (Brest, Republic of Belarus) and Private Eenterprise (PE) “Minplast” (Minsk, Republic of Belarus).

The paper explores conditions and possibilities for innovation activity in the field of architecture of Syrian hotels. A concept of “innovation” applied to architectural activity has been analyzed in the paper. Hitherto there is no unequivocal interpretation of effects due to innovation activity not only in respect of hotel architecture but also in respect of architecture as a whole and it concerns urban planning, climatic and socioeconomic conditions of Syria. Factors determining innovative development represent natural, industrial, scientific and technical, technological and other resources. An effort to avoid outof-date design solutions, requirements in development and growth of economic and social living standards can be considered as a driving force for qualitative development of hotel architecture in the resort areas of Syria. Prior to outbreak hostilities in the country the economic and social living standards have been achieved commonly due to high tourist activity. Naturalclimatic and historical potential of Syria contribute to an increase of tourist flows and quantitative composition of hotels. So the purpose of the paper is to reveal the possibilities for qualitative development of new architecture in respect of resort hotels, as the most required hotels by tourists in Syria. It is an obvious fact that architecture of hotels should not only reflect traditions and culture of the region, but it must be also technically modern in order to satisfy a global principle of sustainable development.

A large class of systems that have found application in various industries and households, electrified transportation facilities and energy sector has been classified as electrical engineering systems. Their characteristic feature is a combination of continuous and discontinuous modes of operation, which is reflected in the appearance of a relatively new term “hybrid systems”. A wide class of hybrid systems is pulsed DC converters operating in a pulse width modulation, which are non-linear systems with variable structure. Using various methods for linearization it is possible to obtain linear mathematical models that rather accurately simulate behavior of such systems. However, the presence in the mathematical models of exponential nonlinearities creates considerable difficulties in the implementation of digital hardware. The solution can be found while using an approximation of exponential functions by polynomials of the first order, that, however, violates the rigor accordance of the analytical model with characteristics of a real object. There are two practical approaches to synthesize algorithms for control of hybrid systems. The first approach is based on the representation of the whole system by a discrete model which is described by difference equations that makes it possible to synthesize discrete algorithms. The second approach is based on description of the system by differential equations. The equations describe synthesis of continuous algorithms and their further implementation in a digital computer included in the control loop system. The paper considers modeling of a hybrid electrical engineering system using differential equations. Neglecting the pulse duration, it has been proposed to describe behavior of vector components in phase coordinates of the hybrid system by stochastic differential equations containing generally non-linear differentiable random functions. A stochastic vector-matrix equation describing dynamics of the processes has been obtained in the paper. The equation contains both continuous and discrete components, which characterize an amplitude signal modulation. An equation for probability density of phase coordinate distribution in the system has been developed on the basis of a mathematical model for a hybrid system.

The paper proposes a method for depth measurement of a disrupted layer on silicon wafer surface which is based on application of Auger spectroscopy with the precision sputtering of surface silicon layers and registration of the Auger electron yield intensity. In order to measure the disrupted layer with the help of Auger spectroscopy it is necessary to determine dependence of the released Auger electron amount on sputtering time (profile) and then the dependence is analyzed. Silicon amount in the disrupted layer is less than in the volume. While going deeper the disruptive layer is decreasing that corresponds to an increase of atom density in a single layer. The essence of the method lies in the fact the disruptive layer is removed by ion beam sputtering and detection of interface region is carried out with the help of registration of the Auger electron yield intensity from the sputtered surface up to the moment when it reaches the value which is equal to the Auger electron yield intensity for single-crystal silicon. While removing surface silicon layers the registration of the Auger electron yield intensity from silicon surface makes it possible to control efficiently a presence of the disrupted layer on the silicon wafer surface. In this case depth control locality is about 1.0 nm due to some peculiarities of Auger spectroscopy method. The Auger electron yield intensity is determined automatically while using Auger spectrometer and while removing the disrupted layer the intensity is gradually increasing. Depth of the disrupted layer is determined by measuring height of the step which has been formed as a result of removal of the disrupted layer from the silicon wafer surface. Auger spectroscopy methods ensures an efficient depth control surface disruptions at the manufacturing stages of silicon wafers and integrated circuits. The depth measurement range of disruptions constitutes 0.001–1.000 um.

The paper proposes to evaluate achievement of main results in operation of intellectual mechatronic systems with digital control by the obtained information effect. In this respect, common information requirements with intellectual components are considered as a basic information factor which influences on the process of mechatronic system designing. Therefore, some parameters have been accentuated and they can help to provide rather complete description of the processes used for obtaining and using systematic information within the volume of the intellectual mechatronic system. Conformity degree of control vector parameters synthesized by the system and identification results of its current states have been selected as an information criterion of the control efficiency. A set of expected probability values for location of each parameter of an control object and a mechatronic system within the required tolerances has been used for formation of possible states. The paper shows that when a complex information description of the system is used then it is expedient to use an expert assessment of selection probability for allowable control vectors which ensure a system transfer to favorable states. This approach has made it possible to pinpoint main information and technical specifications of the intellectual mechatronic system: structural construction (informational and technical compatibility and information matching of its components); control object (uncertainty of its state and information vector, information capacity of the mechatronic system); control actions (their hierarchy and entropic balance of control process, managerial resource of mechatronic system); functioning result (informational effect and control efficiency criterion, probabilistic selection of system states). In accordance with the fulfilled analysis it is possible to note the most effective directions for practical use of the proposed informational approach for creation of the intellectual mechatronic system: comparison of alternative design solutions based on the analysis of calculation assessments on unconditional entropy of the control object and the system; simulation with the aim to accept a final systematic option while constructing digital controlling block of the created system; complex application of experts’ knowledge, most comprehensive introduction of knowledge to the process of mechatronic system designing.

The paper is devoted to the class construction of the most non-linear Boolean bent-functions of any length N = 2^k (k = 2, 4, 6…), on the basis of their spectral representation – Agievich bent squares. These perfect algebraic constructions are used as a basis to build many new cryptographic primitives, such as generators of pseudo-random key sequences, crypto graphic S-boxes, etc. Bent-functions also find their application in the construction of C-codes in the systems with code division multiple access (CDMA) to provide the lowest possible value of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) k = 1, as well as for the construction of error-correcting codes and systems of orthogonal biphasic signals. All the numerous applications of bent-functions relate to the theory of their synthesis. However, regular methods for complete class synthesis of bent-functions of any length N = 2^k are currently unknown. The paper proposes a regular synthesis method for the basic Agievich bent squares of any order n, based on a regular operator of dyadic shift. Classification for a complete set of spectral vectors of lengths (l = 8, 16, …) based on a criterion of the maximum absolute value and set of absolute values of spectral components has been carried out in the paper. It has been shown that any spectral vector can be a basis for building bent squares. Results of the synthesis for the Agievich bent squares of order n = 8 have been generalized and it has been revealed that there are only 3 basic bent squares for this order, while the other 5 can be obtained with help the operation of step-cyclic shift. All the basic bent squares of order n = 16 have been synthesized that allows to construct the bent-functions of length N = 256. The obtained basic bent squares can be used either for direct synthesis of bent-functions and their practical application or for further research in order to synthesize new structures of bent squares of orders n = 16, 32, 64, …