Presently bitumen-mineral materials (including asphalt-concrete) comprise nearly 98 % for construction of expensive road pavement. Large resources of local minerals (quartz sand) and industrial wastes in the form of used molding sand (foundry by-product) are widely applied for reduction of their cost. Such approach is economically and ecologically reasonable but it requires its justification because an adhesion interaction in the bitumen-quartz substrate system (with SiO2 more than 95 %) is rather poor in natural state and due to water action it is still more decreasing. In this connection an objective necessity arises to modify significantly technology of bitumen-mineral compositions for ensuring reliability of road pavements while using silicon components.

All the ideas pertaining to strengthening of adhesion bonds in the “quartz mineral substrate - bitumen” system are traditionally of physical and chemical nature and they presuppose mainly usage of colloidal chemistry methods. The paper considers the matter on the basis of molecular kinetic theory of matter taking into account the fact that there is absence of generally accepted calculations for intermolecular interactions of components in the SiO2 - organic matrix material system.

As a theoretical supposition the following well-known regulatory principle in physics is used: as every atom or molecular have its own electromagnetic field then action of external electromagnetic fields initiates their interaction that leads to excitement of electrons, deformations and rupture of chemical bonds. Literature analysis shows that the existing electric bonds between components of the SiO₂ - organic matrix material system provide the possibility to apply various electro-physical methods having an effect on these components with the purpose to strengthen their adhesion interaction.

The paper investigates matters for determination of bond energy during physical adsorption and adhesion in the SiO₂ - organic matrix material system with due account of the indicated principles.

Grinding process is characterized by high energy consumption and low productivity. Nowadays efficiency of the ball mills applied for grinding is rather low. Only 3-6 % of the supplied power energy is used for material grinding. The rest part of the energy disappears in the form of heat, vibration and noise. So matter concerning reduction of energy consumption is of great importance.

Improvement of efficiency and quality of technological process in grinding of raw material components while producing construction materials is considered as one of priority-oriented targets of power- and resource saving in construction industry with the purpose to reduce energy consumption for grinding. Grinding efficiency at operating enterprises is reasonable to improve by modernization of the equipment and existing technological, management and other processes which are related to grinding of mineral raw material. In order to reduce grinding power consumption it is necessary to carry out a complex re-engineering of technological process in grinding of various materials which is based on usage of new modifications of grinding bodies, physical and chemical grinding aids, modern information technologies and industrial automation equipment. Application of modern information technologies and industrial automation equipment makes it possible to execute the grinding process with maximum achievable productivity for existing capacity due to automatic control and consideration of continuous changes in technological parameters. In addition to this such approach gives an opportunity to control processes in real time by immediate adjustments of technological equipment operational modes.

The paper considers an approach to the development of re-engineering methodology for technological process in grinding of raw material components while producing construction materials. The present state of technological grinding process is presented in the paper. The paper points out the necessity to modernize technological equipment used for grinding raw material components with the purpose to improve efficiency and quality, power- and resource saving. The possibility of using various grinding aids that permit to increase grinding productivity is shown in the paper. The paper studies an automation concept of the control system which used for grinding process of mineral raw material. A conceptual model for complexation of various methods grinding aids has been proposed in the paper. The paper presents methodological principles for simulation of technological process used for processing of mineral raw material while producing cement and silicate products. The parameters which are to be controlled and which are necessary for development of computer simulations of technological grinding process have been determined in the paper. The paper justifies an application of imitation simulation for creation of computer models. Methodology for imitation simulation of the technological process has been studied in the paper. The paper confirms the possibility to use analytical and probability methods. Imitation simulations of a grinding mill operation have been developed on the basis of experimental data and probability functions. The possibility of controlling technological process of raw material grinding has been demonstrated in the paper.

While implementing the proposed complex of organizational and technical recommendations it is possible to increase grinding productivity up to 30-50 % and significantly reduce и существенно снизить energy consumption for mineral raw material grinding during production of cement and silicate products. The combined reengineering methodology for grinding process including all the mentioned intensification methods substantially increases quality of final products and reduces its self-cost that will favour its compatibility and attractiveness for consumers.

Analysis of regulatory documents for the last 40 years has shown a lot of differences in methodology and results of calculations on determination of physical properties and reliability indices of construction materials and structure elements. A variety of the recommended regulatory documents indicates significant uncertainty in principles used for selection of reliability levels while determining strength properties of concrete which depend on probability characteristics. A substantial variety of methods for distribution of physical property values of construction materials and products rather often leads to necessary usage of empiric characteristics of statistic physical property coefficients.

Methodology for evaluation of confidence limits for dispersion in accordance with chi-square criterion using small select query which was described by K. A. Brownlee under the editorship of Academician A. N. Kolmogorov has been practically forgotten for the period of the last 60 years. For this reason presently applied methodology for statistical evaluation of calculation value reliability for concrete strength can be unsatisfactory especially in the case of small number of evaluations (less than 50). Taking into account the possible departure from normality in probability density for parameter realization a general level of statistical changeability account should be taken as not less than 0,98.

The paper proposes a new methodology for determination of minimum number of measurements required for construction material or a product reliability of its evaluation in accordance with the recommendation of K. A. Brownlee which was edited by A. N. Kolmogorov.

In order to ensure maximum efficiency of investments in operation of transport network it is necessary exactly evaluate reliability and residual life of structures. The criteria of residual life which are presently applied for transport structures in the Republic of Belarus do not permit to execute evaluation with required sufficiency of objectiveness.

The paper proposes to use reduction value of structure reliability in the process of their operation as an evaluation criterion of their state and residual life. Specification documents regulating the evaluation procedure of transport structure technical state stipulate execution of structure strength calculations in accordance with design data. Such approach for operated structures looks rather ivory-towered because the actual transport loads have a large statistical dispersion, they are characterized by periodicity, dynamic character, they can criss-cross structures and change in time as in short- so in long term prospects as well.

Introduction of СТБ ISO 2394-2007 “Reliability of construction structures” on the territory of Belarus has provided an opportunity to pass from deterministic approach on evaluation of reliability and technical state of operated structures that considers virtual impact of substitute design loading on a real structure to probability approach that considers impacts of actual loadings in specific period of time and which can be determined with the help of experiments. Application of reliability parameter as a criterion of transport structure residual life which is determined with the help of probability method will make it possible to improve significantly the evaluation accuracy due mathematical precise accounting of peculiar features pertaining to actual impacts on specific transport structure and thus it will bring criteria for evaluation of transport structure residual life in accordance with the world development level of construction science and technology.

The paper presents results of investigations on rational usage of mineral resources. In particular, it has shown the possibility to increase a period of raw material serviceability and its application for production of building products depending on chemical and mineralogical composition of the waste. Analysis of the executed investigations shows that import substitution of anthracite, lignite and black coal for local fuels (milled peat and its sub-standard product) is possible in the production technology of porous building materials.

A mathematical model for drying process has been developed in the paper. Technology for thermal performance of a sintering machine with calculation of its length at the given pallet speed has been proposed on the basis of the developed model. Once-through circulation of flue gases and heated materials is the main specific feature of belt sintering machines being used in production. In such a case the whole drying process can be divided into two periods: a period of constant drying rate and a period of falling drying rate. Calculations have shown that the drying rate depends on moisture content but it does not depend on heat exchange Bio-criteria, however, heating rate is a function of temperature and Bi_q. A mechanism of moisture transfer using various drying methods is the same as in an environment with constant temperature and so in an environment with variable temperature. Application of the mathematical model provides the possibility to save significantly power resources expended for drying process.

The paper gives description of methodology for calculation of technologically important optimum parameters for sintering processes of agglomeration while using milled peat.

The paper shows that functional limitation of zenith devices and introduction of modern high-accuracy electronic tacheometers should lead to substitution of the mentioned devices for tacheometers in geodesic works concerning vertical projection of pivot points of the constructed buildings and structures. However the electronic tacheometer has not been considered in the function of a zenith device in ТКП 45-1.03-26-2006.

Special experiemnts and practical works executed by UE “Geokart” has proved that in accordance with its design the electronic tacheometer equipped with a compensator for small inclinations and zenith prism attachment for ocular can be applied as a vertical projection device while setting sighting line of a telescope in a fixed vertical position. Corresponding experiments have been carried out for multi-storied building of business centre located in the M. Tank Street in Minsk in order to obtain comparative characteristics of vertical projection accuracy with the help of tacheometer TOPCON GPT 7501 and zenith device PZL-100. An initial point of the staked grid has been situated at the elevation ±0,0 м, standard graph elevation has been equal to +49,5 м (concrete slab of the 14^th floor), projection height referred to the device has been equal to Н = 47,8 м. Both devices have been set on the same stand using a purpose made adaptive device in order to exclude centering errors. Deviation in position of final projection points on the standard graph which were obtained with the help of two devices has been equal to 1.2 mm, that testifies practical equal accuracy of the zenith device and tacheometer for vertical projection function.

Additional advantage of the electronic tacheometer in comparison with special vertical projection devi ces lies in the fact that in the case of a certain misalignment of geodesic openings in intermediate floors ta- cheometer deviating from the vertical makes it possible to carry out initial point transfer to mounting horizon using inclined projection in the point with plane coordinates which differ from initial point coordinates within the limits of apparent standard graph area. Such point can be indicated with the help of dot L.E.D. located on standard graph. Its spatial polar and rectangular coordinates on horizontal plane are determined by angular measurements with readings along both bearing circles of the electronic tacheometer and projection height.

Production practice and executed experiments have permitted to make the following conclusions: a modern electronic tacheometer equipped with ocular attachment for telescope sighting in the zenith direction can be and must be efficiently applied for vertical point projection of internal geodetic base of a constructed building or a structure. The mentioned device ensures transfer of geodetic base points to mounting horizon not only vertically but also with inclination of a projected beam within sequential visibility of openings in intermediate floors that allows to adapt projection trajectory to specific conditions of its passing.

Due to growth of number of storeys in a dwelling and public buildings for mass gatherings (up to 20-25 storeys) requirements of their construction industrialization necessitate designs of precast column joints which are capable to bear high loads (up to 10-12 МН and more). The paper presents an analysis of the known contact joint designs used in the columns of frame buildings and the analysis shows that the these design are rather efficient. However these joints are sensitive to accuracy of column butt end fabrication. Bearing capacity of joints can be significantly decreased in case of comparatively small ends out of square. It has been decided to introduce a deformable centering laying made of soft steel in a joint design in order to exclude the mentioned disadvantage. Due to its plastic deformation the laying ensures transformation of longitudinal effort occurring in it to the column axis. As a result of it we obtain the most advantageous position for joint design required for transfer of compressing force at column longitudinal axis.

Experimental investigations of contact joints with a deformable centering laying have been carried with due account of the requirements to construction standards, results of the executed works and main results of the investigations are presented in the paper. Proposals for calculation and designing of these joints have been given on the basis of the obtained data and works. It has been shown that application of the centering laying with corresponding concrete confinement reinforcement at the joint make it possible to ensure the required bearing capacity and reliability.

In Belarus concrete with strength up to 60 MPA is used for construction. At the same time high strength concrete with compressive strength above 60 MPA is widely used in all industrially developed countries. High- strength concrete is included in regulatory documents of the European Union and that fact has laid a solid foundation for its application. High strength concrete is produced using highly dispersed silica additives, such as micro-silica and plasticizers (super-plasticizers) with a water/cement (w/c) ratio not greater than 0.4.

Theoretical aspects of high-strength concrete for bridge structures have been studied in the paper. The paper shows a positive impact of highly dispersed additives on structure and physico-mechanical properties of cement compositions, namely: reduction of total porosity of a cement stone in concrete while increasing volumetric concentration and dispersion of a filler; binding of calcium hydroxide with the help of amorphised micro-silica; increased activity of mineral additives during their thin shredding; acceleration of the initial stage of chemical hardening of cement compositions with highly dispersed particle additives that serve as centers of crystallization; “binder-additive” cluster formation due to high surface energy of highly dispersed additive particles; hardening of surface area between a cement stone and aggregates in concrete; high-strength concretes are gaining strength much faster than conventional concretes.

Technology of preparation and composition of high-strength concrete using highly dispersed mineral additives and super-plasticizer has been developed in the paper. This concrete will ensure a higher density, wa- ter-and gas tightness, increased resistance to aggressive environment, reduced consumption of concrete and reinforcement, reduced transport and installation weight, increased initial strength, early easing of shutters and preliminary compression, increased length of bridge spans, reduced cross-section of constructions while preserving construction bearing capacity, taking bending moment primarily. Improvement of bridge structure durability makes it possible to increase a period between maintenance that will lead to significant savings in material and labor resources. In the near future there will be a gradual replacement of the conventional traditional concretes with multicomponent concretes.

The paper presents an analysis of requirements to existing heat-insulation layers in enclosure structures of wall panels has been carried out, a general principles on development of thermal insulation systems, substantiation on the necessity to develop a new wall panel design with improved thermal characteristics. The proposed design of the wall panel differs from the existing one in the fact that its external layer is made of protective sheets being perforated in their top and bottom parts with perforated aluminum foil layer placed on them. Air layer performs function of one of thermal insulation layers, and the second layer is made up in the form of several micro-modular sub-layers which are divided by perforated aluminum foil and a grid. An inner concrete layer is also separated from micro-modular layers by aluminum foil. Protective sheets and the grid can be made of aluminum or polyethylene.

The arrangement of hollow micro-modular cells in the zone of negative temperatures prevents condensate accumulation. The arrangement of the perforated aluminum foil layers between micro- modular layers leads to increase in thermal resistance of the panel due to decrease of a radiant component in presence of several screens and does not interfere with a vapor permeability of thermal insulation layers from micro-modules. At the same time placement of a non-perforated foil layer on an inside panel layer interferes with penetration of water vapor from rooms in micro-modular thermal insulation layers.

Technological principles lie in the arrangement of perforation slots in the top and bottom zones of protective sheets that allows to delete excess moisture from thermal insulation layers and air layer and also leads to improvement of thermo-technical characteristics, durability and reliability in construction operation as a whole. The executed calculations of heat and humidity fields in external enclosure structures confirm advantages of the presented technical solution.

Usage efficiency of mechanical engineering products is determined by level of their operating capability. Expenses connected with provision of operating capability for the whole operational period exceed initial cost of the products by 6-10-fold. Moreover , while being used the expenses have a tendency to increase with reduction of output parameters that ensure product application efficiency for its intended purpose. It is necessary to take into account these changes at manufacturing stages of mechanical engineering products. Maximum efficiency can be obtained at the operational stage of the product life cycle only as a result of complex and interrelated measures during designing, manufacturing and usage of the specific product for its intended purpose with due account of its output parameter dynamics. While using the product an analysis of its output parameter dynamics will make it possible to determine maximum value of the operating capability, operational expenses and best practices for obtaining maximum profit per operating time unit.

Taking hydroficated excavators of the 5^th grade as an example the paper presents dynamics of main output parameters at the operational stage of their life cycle; reveals the main factor influencing on intensity of hydroficated machine operating capability reduction; substantiates an expediency of taking into account output parameter dynamics while evaluating efficiency of its usage; proposes a methodology for determination of or a pay-off time period for recoupment of expenses pertaining to machine procurement and optimum time period for operational stage, its life cycle that corresponds to obtaining maximum profit.

Nowadays constant values of main output parameters (operating capability, self cost of machine-hour) corresponding to the beginning of operation are to be taken into account while determining expediency of machine creation. Practically they significantly change in the process of machine operation this fact must be taken account while creating a machine and using it for its intended operational purpose and ensuring its operating capability. The proposed methodology for maintaining and restoration of operating capability of construction and road-building machines was published previously [3]. The paper proposes a methodology for its implementation on the basis of expenses for machine manufacturing and dynamics of main output parameters at the operational stage of its life cycle.

The paper is devoted to problems pertaining to renovation and new construction of drainage systems in accordance with the State program on conservation and use of reclaimed agricultural land of the Republic of Belarus. It has been It has been established on the basis of the analysis of soil, hydrological and topographic surveys at eight renovation and new construction sites that overwatering of agricultural land is mainly derived from silting of channels, drains and sewer mouths; poor organization of surface water runoff from fields and compaction of subsurface horizon.

Project activities have been conducted in accordance with existing regulatory documents. Polyethylene corrugated pipes have been used while designing new facilities and renovation of existing drainage systems. Diameters of plastic collectors have been calculated from well-known hydraulic formulas depending on drainage flow module and catchment area. Surface low-country runoff has been driven mainly by gullies, open craters and wells sinks. Composition of technical solutions used in the reconstruction of reclamation systems has been determined not only by hydrological conditions and a high-tech state of elements in the existing drainage system, but also by planned agricultural use of reclaimed land.

The paper considers some examples pertaining to application of various approaches to the objects of new reclamation construction on fertile soil and reconstruction of reclamation systems under different soil and hydrogeological conditions of the Republic. Main technical and economic indicators are given in the paper. It has been shown that technical solutions incorporated in the projects of new construction and reconstruction of reclamation systems provide significant improvement in soil water regime and their effective agricultural use.

The paper presents a modeling of non-stationary processes while making arc welding in the shielding gas medium of X-shaped joints which consist of re-bars having various diameters. Changes and specific features of stress-strain state in the X-shaped joint have been considered in the paper. Calculations are as much as possible approximated to a real situation: a 3D-geometrical and finite-element model is used, the problem is considered as elastic and contact one with due account of power loading. An analysis of the welded assembly consisting of re-bars with diameter of 4-10 mm has been performed using a finite element method. Computation of a welded connection with due consideration of geometrical nonlinearity has been done in the paper. It has been shown that tensile of re-bars under load causes uneven stress distribution in a welded joint and their significant concentration is observed at crossing points from the welded joint to a base metal. An analysis of the obtained equivalent stresses at nodes and details of the welded joint structure has shown that they did not exceed permissible values for all diameters in case of the considered loading conditions. A comparison of stress values calculated has been carried out in accordance with the proposed method and experimentally obtained data. It has been revealed that application of tensile load (determined experimentally) to the connection stress values at the connection and welded joint boundary reach an yield strength and subsequently it causes destruction of the connection. It has been established that the margin of safety for such type of connections is averagely equal from 30 to 60 %. The submitted calculated data are in full agreement with experimental data that proves correctness in selection of calculation schemes and loads.

The paper substantiates the necessity for creation of a technological machinery system in multi-industry construction complex that is from development of raw material resources and production of construction materials (logging and mining industry, woodworking, production of crushed stone, cement, concrete etc.) to construction of actual 3D and plate objects. Attention has been attracted to continuous renovation of construction technologies and emergence of new construction materials that requires corresponding technical facilities for their efficient application and creation of these facilities is lagging behind under existing conditions. Such approach leads to saturation of the Republican machinery park by import equipment and technology that correspond to introduced technologies and construction materials according to their parameters.

In order to ensure success in import substitution it is necessary to create a prospective system of technological machinery that corresponds to new technologies and materials. Experience in creation of separate fragments of the machinery system reveals machinery similarity irrespective of construction complex sector. Such approach permits to create multi-functional technical facilities having not only similar basic machines but key equipment as well that differs only in design of finite element of working tool. It has been established that multi-functionality favours a significant reduction in financial expenses for renovation of machinery parks and an increase of modular machine number. It has been shown that the machinery system prompts in due time what technical facilities are to be created in order to realize non-waste technologies in the construction complex which are completed by production of certain useful products.

Planning structure of cities plays an important role in shaping their sustainable development while elaborating urban planning documentation (master plans and detailed plan projects). The existing studies of small towns in Iran reveal issues of architectural heritage and do not touch upon such peculiar features of small town planning as shape of their plan, network of streets, their configuration. It has not been established how a planning structure of a small city influences on its sustainable development.

An inspection of 16 small towns of Iran has shown that the majority of the cities have a compact planning form which is due to flat relief, as well as the need for efficient use of valuable agricultural land. At the same time the paper demonstrates that territory development for building construction within city boundaries has unequal character. It has been determined that cities have very few green areas. Undeveloped wastelands owned by private individuals are often located close to densely developed areas. Such situation is due to specific features of the Iranian legislation that does not specify time terms for territory development. Parameters of urban road-street networks (width in red lines, presence of such transverse profile elements as landscaping along roadways) do not correspond to the existing recommendations in Iran. Mixed or free system of streets is considered as the most common one and it is due to changes in urban conditions during the long process of development. Frequent network of narrow streets forms a system of small blocks of various shapes and needs to be improved. The majority of the inspected cities do not have bypass roads for freight transport, and there is also a transit transport through their historic centers.