The article addresses the issues of structure formation of road composite materials containing hydraulic (рortland cement) and organic (bitumen) binders. It has been determined that organic and hydraulic binders, being thermodynamically incompatible, are capable of interaction and complement each other. Structure formation processes are associated with interphase transition layers interaction mechanism and the direct formation of phase contacts with cement crystallohydrates. The interphase boundary is diffuse and is established through interphase transition layers. The emergence of interfacial layers is thermodynamically advantageous, since it contributes to a decrease in Gibbs free energy and does not contradict modern concepts of solid state physics. It was established that with cement content of about 30 % of complex bitumen-cement binder volume, there will appear (nucleate) phase contacts that will prevail in the binder structure when the cement content is more than 60 %. In the case phase contacts prevail, concrete will demonstrate significant strength at high temperatures, but low temperature and fatigue crack resistance, which will lead to their durability loss. The cement content of 30–40 % of the total complex binder can be considered optimal.

The paper considers spatial organization of energy facilities with an emphasis on modern practice of the Republic of Belarus. The efficiency of enterprise operation in any industry including power industry is largely due to their architectural and planning organization. Knowledge of mechanisms and specific features of the changes taking place here makes it possible to justify a promising strategy for project activities, and therefore, it allows to manage development processes of the industry and thereby avoid many negative consequences. Energy facilities are a typological unit of industrial architecture, their formation has been started due to transition of industrial production to electric energy. Today the typology shows functional approach in architectural shaping, it includes a fairly large variety of constituent units and demonstrates a tendency towards diversification. In Belarus energy facilities in the architectural aspect of their classification are limited mostly to thermal power plants operating on different types of fuel. Currently the diversification is developing in the following areas: construction of hydropower facilities (small plants on reservoirs, medium power plants, low-pressure plants, run-of-the-river hydraulic power stations), alternative energy (wind power stations, photovoltaic power stations and biogas plants) and conventional energy (thermal power plant, mini-combined heat and power plant operating on renewable fuel). The results of Belarusian practice in construction of all types of facilities (hydropower, alternative and conventional energy), peculiarities of the architectural and planning organization of facilities at the current stage, correlation with global trends in the development of industrial architecture have been characterized in the paper. The paper has determined typological features of alternative energy facility architecture, opportunities and directions for implementation of architectural approaches, problems and prospects to develop scientific support for the project process.

Waste of combined heat and power plants represents a certain danger to the environment, and hence the economic problems. However such waste contains substances that are advisable to use for production of construction and finishing materials. Technogenic products of water treatment from the Yuzhnaya combined heat and power plant (sludges of chemical water treatment – code 8410500) are a calcite mixture containing more than 64 wt. % calcite. The mineralogical composition of inorganic waste has been determined while using X-ray and IR-spectral researches. Mechanical activation of calcite inorganic wastes leads to grinding of calcite and a decrease in the amount of adsorbed water, which affects the increase in the content of silica frame structures, the reactivity of which directly depends on their quantity. Changes in the structure of silicon dioxide during mechanical activation are established according to IR studies. The results of X-ray and IR studies of the Zapolie deposit clay used in ceramic brick production technology make it possible to attribute it to raw materials with high reactivity. An experimental batch of ceramic bricks has been produced at JSC “Obolsky Ceramic Plant” with addition of calcite inorganic waste from combined heat and power plants. An X-ray diffraction analysis of samples of the obtained bricks having standard composition and with addition of waste has been carried out. The influence of calcite inorganic waste content in the feedstock on the process of ceramic brick structure formation has been stu-died in the paper. Addition of chemical water treatment waste containing calcium carbonate up to 15 wt. % to the Zapolye clay mixture helps to reduce a firing temperature and an appearance of the melt. This leads to crystallization processes of solid minerals from the melt and an increase in the amount of glass phase which contributes to improvement of strength properties in ceramic bricks. The possibility of using inorganic waste (sludges of chemical water treatment – code 8410500) of combined heat and power plants as a component of emaciated additives in clay raw materials in the process of ceramic brick production has been established in the paper.

Fibre concrete is a composite material reinforced by fibres. Construction of facilities while using concrete reinforced by organic fibres has rather long history. An analytical review of national and international investigations have shown that application of fibre concrete for bridge and tunnel structures significantly improves their physical and mechanical indices and, firstly, their service life. 3D strengthening of fibre concrete fundamentally changes properties of cement stone while ensuring high crack resistance of structures, increasing their resistance to impact and dynamic loads. Changes in volume ratio of various fibres in concrete make it possible to regulate material properties. It permits to increase its tensile strength, corrosion resistance, weather resistance and resistance to periodical moistening-drying and freezing-defrosting processes, and other indices are improved as well. The paper presents the developed technologies and fibre concrete compositions and contains description of manufactured and tested experimental specimens of non-pressure pipes reinforced by polypropylene fibres. The executed investigations have shown that the polypropylene fibres reduce probability of crack initiation and prevent their enlargement and when they are operated they depress growth of cracks and concentration of stresses in the field of macrodefects. Due to introduction of the fibre re-distribution of stresses caused by the process of structure formation has occurred from places of their concentration for the whole concrete volume. The fibre increases concrete resistance to compression and also improves service life of concrete at low temperatures and aggressive reagent action. The polypropylene fibres is expediently to apply for disperse reinforcement of structures working in bending, for example, being used for tunnel liner, bridge structures, concrete non-pressure pipes etc.

Until the present time there is no exact solution to the contact problem for a rectangular plate on an elastic base with distribution properties. Practical analogues of this design are slab foundations widely used in construction. A lot of scientists have solved this problem in various ways. The methods of finite differences, B. N. Zhemochkin and power series do not distinguish a specific feature in contact stresses at the edges of the plate. The author of the paper has obtained an expansion of the Boussinesq solution for determining displacements of the elastic half-space surface in the form of a double series according to the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind in a rectangular region. For the first time, such a representation for the symmetric part of the Boussinesq solution was obtained by V. I. Seimov and it has been applied to study symmetric vibrations of a rectangular stamp, taking into account inertial properties of the half-space. Using this expansion, the author gives a solution to the problem for a rectangular plate lying on an elastic half-space under the action of an arbitrarily applied concentrated force. In this case, the required displacements are specified in the form of a double row in the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. Contact stresses are also specified in the form of a double row according to the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind with weight. In the integral equation of the contact problem integration over a rectangular region is performed while taking into account the orthogonality of the Chebyshev polynomials. In the resulting expression the coefficients are equal for the same products of the Chebyshev polynomials. The result is an infinite system of linear algebraic equations, which is solved by the amplification method. Thus the sought coefficients are found in the expansion for contact stresses.

There are several methods for prevention of winter slippery on the roads – frictional, thermal, chemical, combined and structural. The friction method of combating slippery has found quite wide application. The method is based on increasing a wheel grip with iced road. Sand, slag, screening of stone materials and friction materials subjected to heating are used as a friction raw material. A thermal method is divided in conductive and convective according to a surface heating type in which a pavement is heated from below (electric heating) or from above (with a heat stream). Disadvantages of this method are its high cost when using thermal jets and harmful effects of high temperatures on a road surface. Nowadays a chemical method is considered as the most popular one to combat winter slippery. Treatment with solid or liquid reagents is provided in order to prevent slipping on the road surface or removing ice from it. The principle of their action is to lower a freezing temperature of the solution on the surface of the roadway. The fight against winter slippage is mainly carried out in a combined way by sprinkling roads with a sand and salt mixture. Currently, there is a need to completely or partially abandon the use of chlorides in the fight against winter slippery. In this case, the most promising direction is to prevent icing by creating coatings for roads with anti-icing properties that is introduction of anti-icing reagents in the composition of the road surface (construction method). This method makes it possible to increase cost of a finished road surface.

The currently existing deterministic models for determination of structure service life do not take into account to the full extent variety of factors that have an effect on them and also stochastic characteristics of the used natural materials and conditions for manufacturing construction products, possible errors during the process of designing and construction etc. More trustworthy approach determining longevity and growth rate of destruction processes for structures in future periods can be obtained with the help of statistic methods that take into account a probabilistic essence of the process. The paper presents a possible approach of the probabilistic analysis on reinforced concrete structure service life while assessing rates of variation in depth growth of carbonization in a concrete protective layer on the basis of the existing experimental and calculated data pertaining to changes of the given index in reinforced concrete structures of various types. Variability of the existing approaches for determination of structure longevity as a whole has been shown firstly due to various number of basic vаriables used in calculations. Stochastic processing of the data on parameters of carbonization depth in the concrete protective layer has been carried out and this processing has made it possible to determine variation rates which allow to assess the presupposed service life of reinforced concrete structures having similar characteristics and being operated under analogous conditions. A definitive non-uniformity in statistic indices has been established that testifies about the necessity to increase accumulation of data on the investigated characteristics and to execute its processing more thoroughly. An expedience in usage of a concrete impermeability as a main factor determining its longevity has been established on the basis of statistical assessment of the existing data.

Concrete dams that are part of river waterworks are integrated with earthworks or with banks using coastal abutments. If the soil of cost or earthen dam is permeable, then in the zone of contiguity water filtration occurs around the coastal abutment. Calculation of filtration bypassing the coastal abutment at specified water levels in the upper and lower pools is performed with the aim of constructing an encircling curve of depression and determining a gradient of filtration flow that controls the filtration strength of the soil beyond the abutment. This problem has no theoretical solutions – in view of its complexity, approximate calculation methods have been developed for individual calculation schemes. For the case when the soil behind the coastal abutment is homogeneous and isotropic, groundwater inflow from the coast is absent or insignificant and can be neglected, and the coastal abutment is located on a water bed and approximate methods by V. P. Nedrigi and R. R. Chugaeva are proposed in the paper. The experience of surveying a number of Belarusian hydropower stations has shown that the absence of a justified prediction pertaining to the position of groundwater levels beyond the estuary leads to a decrease in the strength and stability of the coastal abutment and its possible destruction. An experimental verification of the approximate method for calculation filtration bypassing the coastal abutment developed by R. R. Chugaev has been carried out in laboratory conditions. According to the obtained experience a depression curve encircling the abutment has been constructed which show good agreement between experimental and calculated data that allows to use this method for reasonable design of coastal abutment structures ensuring their reliable operation.

The paper is devoted to identifying patterns of activity of Russian universities in the national innovation ecosystem. Decisions on the development of innovative activity, effective commercialization and implementation of scientific developments are substantiated in strategic documents of state development. In fact the level of innovative security of a country, the state of protection of national interests of the state from internal and external threats arising from the conditions of innovative development, depends to a large extent on the success of the implementation of scientific and development projects. The leading higher education institutions are entrusted with the task of becoming centers of regional innovation ecosystems, transforming universities into active participants of socio-economic and innovative development. Official statistics on national research universities of the Russian Federation have been used in order to identify patterns of the activity of higher education institutions in this area. An analysis of the changes in the analyzed indicators has made it possible to single out universities that implement the most promising models of scientific activity management in terms of world experience. These are primarily universities for which there is a positive relative increase in indicators of total R&D, the share of extra-budgetary funds in university income from R&D, and the share of income from R&D in total income. It has been established that the current stage of development of universities is characterized by the presence of both competitive advantages and challenges that form the features of their modernization. The response to the challenges should be the creation of a business model of the University 4.0 activity which includes new technologies, products and services that are in demand in the country.