CIVIL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
It is necessary to mention specially so-called thermal shock among various impacts on highway surface. Ice layer is formed on a concrete surface during the winter period of pavement surfacing operation. Sodium chloride which lowers temperature of water-ice transition temperature and causes ice thawing at negative temperature is usually used to remove ice from the pavement surface. Consequently, temperature in the concrete laying immediately under a thawing ice layer is coming down with a run that leads to significant stresses. Such phenomenon is known as a thermal shock with a meaning of local significant change in temperature. This process is under investigation, it has practical importance for an estimation of strength and longevity of a cement-concrete pavement surfacing and consequently it is considered as rather topical issue. The purpose of investigations is to develop a mathematical model and determination of shock blow permissible gradients for a cementconcrete road covering. Finite difference method has been used in order to determine stressed and deformed condition of the cement-concrete pavement surfacing of highways. A computer program has been compiled and it permits to carry out calculation of a road covering at various laws of temperature distribution in its depth. Regularities in distribution of deformation and stresses in the cement-concrete pavement surfacing of highways at thermal shock have been obtained in the paper. A permissible parameter of temperature distribution in pavement surfacing thickness has been determined in the paper. A strength criterion based on the process of micro-crack formation and development in concrete has been used for making calculations. It has been established that the thermal shock causes significant temperature gradients on the cement-concrete surfacing that lead to rather large normal stresses in the concrete surface layer. The possibility of micro-crack formation in a road covering is determined with the help of such characteristics as material strength, conditions of plate anchoring and a temperature gradient.
The paper analyzes main reasons that have led to closure of a number of industrial enterprises on the territory of the Republic of Belarus and in the majority of former Soviet Union countries. An analysis of constructive decisions and range of bearing and enclosing structures for non-operational industrial buildings and facilities has been carried out in the paper. The analysis has made it possible to draw a conclusion that the overwhelming majority of the buildings and facilities were constructed using prefabricated and cast-in-situ reinforced concrete structures. Taking into account the facts that substantially all non-operational industrial buildings and facilities are located in industrial zones being rather far from residential housing area and having developed infrastructure (highways, railway lines, communication network etc.) and expenses on infrastructure development usually exceed the cost of newly built industrial buildings and facilities some findings have been given on expediency pertaining to usage of existing industrial zones. The main problem has been defined in the paper and its solution will permit to use again existing industrial zones with non-operational industrial facilities which are located there. With due account for the executed analysis of standard operating procedures on liquidation of industrial buildings an expediency has been revealed that presupposes demolition of facilities with the help of mechanical breakdown. An economic efficiency on application of mechanical demolition method for industrial buildings constructed using prefabricated and cast-in-situ structures has been illustrated in Work Execution Plan on liquidation of industrial buildings in the workshop which has been involved in lime production at JSC “Berezovsky Industrial Complex of Silicate Products”. The proposed technology for mechanical demolition of reinforced concrete structures is based on application of a caterpillar excavating machine of Doosan S340LC-VSDM model. Its application permits to ensure complete safety conditions while executing works.
The paper shows how to determine dimensions of stationary horizontal (canopies) and vertical (ribs) shading devices in order to prevent penetration of normal beam solar radiation into the buildings during warm season of the year. While analyzing formulae for insolation rate equations for determination of dimensions of canopies and ribs which are perpendicular and inclined to the plane of intensively irradiated fenestrations orientated to the South, South-East, South-West, East and West have been obtained in the paper. Sloping canopies have the smallest dimensions. What is more, an angle of slope with regard to opening plane must correspond to elevation of sun station at an hour when there is a maximum specific heat flow rate of normal beam solar radiation. The paper considers an influence of canopies and ribs on transmission of diffuse solar radiation which along with normal beam solar radiation serves for creation of natural illumination. As follows from the analysis of formulae it is possible to make a conclusion about an inefficiency of vertical shading elements due to large rib dimensions and decrease in transmission of diffuse solar radiation. Minimum distances from fenestration reveal to the canopy have been determined for various orientations proceeding from the position that the opening must be maximally illuminated by normal beam solar radiation during the cold season of a year in order to reduce heat inputs for building heating. On the basis of dependence analysis we have come to a conclusion that it is appropriate to design stationary shading devices for fenestrations orientated only to the South and they must be sloping canopies. It is necessary to select glazing with a small index of solar factor for openings orientated to other corners of the Earth and reduction of solar radiation heat inputs.
The paper reveals one of possible methods for higher productivity and reliability of building self-propelled pneumopunchers which are intended for making holes in soil while using trenchless method and constructing various engineering communications under car, tram and rail lines, airport runways. A new design of building pneumopuncher with increased productivity due to higher speed for hole formation in soil and its reliability has been presented in the paper. A formula for determination of displacement increment for a new pneumopuncher in comparison with the conventional one has been obtained in the paper. The paper describes a design and operation principal of the building self-propelled pneumopuncher which is equipped with a locking mechanism with the purpose to neutralize action of soil elastic forces and reactive repulsive force. The locking mechanism keeps the pneumopuncher in the hole. The pneumopuncher consists of a body with anvil, movable hammer, a manifold which is set in axial deepening of the hammer, a nut and a locking mechanism. Improvement of operational pneumopuncher reliability is attained due to the fact that the locking mechanism is made in the form of two coaxially positioned inner and outer cups having a common basis. A piston is installed in the middle of the inner cup, a spring is fixed over the piston and a rod with a breaking shoe is positioned at the end. Height of the inner cup is less the outer cup height and there is an annular cavity between them which is connected with a chamber. The chamber is formed by the piston, the inner cup and the manifold. The annular cavity through an opening in the inner cup wall, two sylphons, a channel in the nut end and an opening in the vertical wall of the manifold are connected with a chamber of operating stroke. The sylphons are placed between the outer cup and the nut, between the nut and the manifold. Differential equations for movement of pneumopuncher in soil have been compiled. While solving the equations a formula for determination of increase in displacement of the pneumopuncher with the locking mechanism and without it has been obtained in the paper.
Road construction is one of the most material-intensive industrial production. In this context, the urgent task for this branch is the maximum reduction in consumption of materials through usage of effective local materials, decrease energy intensity of processes by using new materials. The developed network of local roads require constant care and maintenance, thus it is advisable to consider the use of protective coatings for such roads on the basis of contactcondensation hardening, which can be obtained on the basis of local raw materials. One of the representatives of such material is disperse hydrated calcium silicate, which found wide practical application as the main components in the production of building materials, glass, glass ceramics and ceramic products. For example, relatively cheap highly dispersed crystalline material is intermediate product of hydrochemical synthesis of wollastonite xonotlite Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2. A variety of calcium and silicon-containing raw materials, suitable to obtain various types hydrated calcium silicate, as well as increasing requirements for physical and chemical properties, caused by actuality of problems of search and study the best ways of synthesis hydrated calcium silicate from man-made and natural materials. The theoretical basis of the proposed technology for material production for road pavement lower categories is the ability of silicate dispersed materials transferred in an unstable state, forming a rock-like waterproof body at the time of application of mechanical load. Disperse hydrated calcium silicate are the most typical representatives of contactcondensation hardening binders. It should be noted that the technology of obtaining these binders is not related to high-temperature processes and the synthesis of HCS realized when wet treatment of available cheap raw materials on the standard equipment, what determines their practical significance.
The paper presents a new approach to calculate volume of tailing underwater sediments and liquid industrial wastes on the basis of innovative technologies. Two theodolites which are set at various points and a boat with a load for measuring water depth have been traditionally used for topographic survey of slime storage bottom. Horizontal directions have been simultaneously measured on the boat marker while using theodolites. Water depth has been determined while using a 2-kg circular load which was descended into brine solution with the help of rope. In addition to rather large time and labour costs such technology has required synchronization in actions on three participants involved in the work: operators of two theodolites and boat team in every depth measuring point. Methodology has been proposed for more efficient solution of the problem. It presupposes the use of echolocation together with space localization systems (GPS-systems) which can be set on a boat with the purpose to measure depth of a storage tank bed. An echolocation transducer has been installed under the boat bottom at the depth of 10 cm from the brine solution level in the slime storage. An aerial of GPS-receiver has been fixed over the echo-sounder transducer. Horizontal positioning of bottom depth measuring points have been carried out in the local coordinate system. Formation of digital model for slime storage bottom has been executed after data input of the coordinate positioning that corresponded to corrected depths in the software package LISCAD Plus SEE. The formation has been made on the basis of a strict triangulation method. Creation of the digital model makes it rather easy to calculate a volume between a storage bottom and a selected level (height of filling material). In this context it is possible to determine a volume and an area not only above but also lower of the datum surface. For this purpose it is recommended to use digital models which are developed for various time periods of slime storage operation.
A methodology for determination of seismic accelerations in earth dams has been developed within the framework of seismic resistance wave theory. In this case we take into account an influence of the dam foundation and seismic wave emission into it. The methodology is based on numerical solution of the dynamic problem while using a finite difference method. A software program SGD “Determination of seismic acceleration in the earth dam” has been prepared on the basis of the developed methodology. The program allows to evaluate ordinates of calculation orthographic representations for acceleration throughout the dam height for all time moments. Thus, it is possible to obtain the most dangerous acceleration orthographic representations at direct and reverse seismic actions. The papers presents verification (compliance test) of calculated and observed seismic accelerations for the rock-fill dam of the Dnestrovskaya Hydro-Electric Power Plant No 1. The observed seismic accelerations have been obtained during experimental explosions. The calculated seismic accelerations have been obtained in accordance with the proposed methodology for determination of seismic accelerations in the earth dams. A comparative analysis of calculation results with the data of field observations has demonstrated that a maximum difference between extreme accelerations obtained by calculation, and during field observations, do not exceed 10.11 % for the dam crest, and 6.56 % for its bottom. The obtained results permit to recommend the developed program for engineering calculations of seismic accelerations in the earth dams. The program application will make it possible to determine seismic acceleration in the earth dam with sufficient reliability.
ECONOMY IN INDUSTRY
Some theoretical and methodological aspects of a role and value of innovative security in system of national security of the state are considered. The basic concepts of innovative security, essence of innovative security in formation of innovative economy, economy of knowledge are analyzed. Questions of innovative security get the special importance because now innovative technologies and processes of their introduction have crucial value for improvement of quality of life, expansion of possibilities of development and maintenance of national security of all without an exception of the states. In the majority of economically developed states already long time researches devoted to problems of national and economic security are conducted. And, the innovative component in these researches is considered as a component economic or scientific and technical (technological) security. The methodology of studying national and economic is in this time developed, security, there was a conceptual device and structure of categories «national security». Recognising importance of the spent workings out on a security problematics, it is necessary to notice that the system research devoted to studying of problems of maintenance of national security in the conditions of innovative development till now it was not spent. Especially it concerns processes of maintenance of interrelation of national security and innovative activity, formation of the concept of innovative security, its realisation in practice. Till now there is no unequivocal interpretation of essence of innovations, their influences on national and economic security. The analysis shows that at transition to an innovative way of development there are changes not only in economy and its making parts, but, and in world outlook, psychological, political, social and economic, scientifically-technological, educational and cultural spheres, institutional structures of the state and a society, in development of the person. That is, the spheres which problems of safe development cannot be solved within the limits of economic security are mentioned. There is an objective requirement, for the decision of these many-sided and multidimensional problems arising in the course of formation of innovative economy, its safe development to generate within the limits of system of national security a new direction innovative security.
The paper considers a problem on efficiency evaluation of innovation activity in 63 countries with developed and developing economies while using a method for data envelopment analysis. The following results of innovation activity have been used for calculation of an efficiency factor: export of high-technology products as percentage of industrial product export, export of ICT services as percentage of services export and payments obtained due to realization of intellectual property rights (in US dollars). A model of the data envelopment analysis with a changeable scale-dependent effect and which is directed on maximization of the obtained results (output-oriented VRS model) has been used for the analysis. The evaluation has shown that such countries as the USA, Israel, Sweden and some others have maximum efficiency of resource transformation into innovative activity output. The executed analysis has revealed that the Republic of Belarus has a potential for improvement of indices on innovation results.
Observing development of the crisis in the Russian economy, it appears that one of the reasons for the decline in the economic development is an increasing degree of uncertainty. The situation affects investment processes and multiplies itself in a growing deficiency of national income. High uncertainty blocks investments in capital-intensive and specific assets and makes economic entities transfer their resources into financial sector and, most often, outside the economy. 49 % of fixed industrial assets depreciation is an indirect proof of this situation. Depreciation of the Russian fixed assets in mining operations is 53.2 %, which includes 22.9 % of fully depreciated assets. At present, when the coefficient of renewal in this branch of ndustry is a little more than 6 and the coefficient of retirement is 0.9, the situation seems to be disastrous. There are a lot of reasons for such situation, especially in the economic sphere. One of them is that within the neoliberal ideology dominating in the economic science with its emphasis on the automatic spontaneous adaptation there is actually no place for development of recommendations for a willful increase in efficiency of adaptation to uncertainty. After all, if we consider that the market leads the entire system to the most optimum equilibrium state, a need for such development simply does not arise. The main objective of this work is to show how the uncertainty factor increases recessionary trends in the Russian economy. Applying Keynesian analysis technique and dividing all savings into investment and hoarding ones, the author proves that Russia has a very low level of adaptive efficiency which reflects long-term ability of the economy to adjust successfully to changing internal and external conditions without any detriment to the implementation of the intended targets and tasks. It is a low level of adaptive efficiency that makes the current crisis so severe. The application of different methods for government regulation when there is a high level of uncertainty has been studied in details.
ISSN 2414-0392 (Online)
