The article is dedicated to the problem of substantiating various methods for increasing the accuracy of determining the parameters of ground object (GO) motion using equipment installed on board of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), based on the integrated use of information coming from both on-board video surveillance systems and information based on the consideration of a priori stochastic mathematical models of GO motion. Based on the analysis of mathematical models of on-board video surveillance systems, a general form of the stochastic mathematical model of the GO motion parameter measurer is substantiated. A stochastic dynamic mathematical model of changing GO motion parameters is substantiated, based on the possibility of a priori obtaining experimental data on GO motion under typical conditions with subsequent statistical processing of the obtained results. The applied problem of GO tracking was reduced to its classical formulation with various options for representing it in mathematical form. Various options for solving the problem of estimating GO motion parameters are considered depending on its formulation in the presence of measurements. A number of analytically obtained solutions to this problem are presented, based on the corresponding substantiated quality criteria. In accordance with these criteria, the corresponding algorithms for the complex processing of a priori and a posteriori information on the motion of the GO are presented. An assessment of possible errors in estimating the parameters of the GO motion caused by a methodologically incorrect formulation of the problem has been carried out. A computer model has been developed, on the basis of which a study of the algorithms for processing information on the parameters of the GO motion on board the UAV obtained by analytical methods hs been carried out. The given graphical dependencies clearly show the qualitative and quantitative changes in the estimated parameters and possible estimation errors in various conditions. The obtained results provide researchers with the opportunity, at the stage of preliminary design of on-board UAV systems to justify some basic requirements for the elements of the unmanned aircraft complex that perform the tasks of controlling the UAV and forming the optimal trajectory of its flight when tracking the GO.

The primary challenge with image processing applications in automated surveillance, medical, and remote sensing is image denoising. Salt-and-pepper noise (SAPN) drastically reduces image quality by randomly changing pixel values with high intensities. At higher noise densities, the fundamental challenge for conventional filtering algorithms is to balance noise suppression and detail retention. In digital image processing applications accuracy is very important. However, during capturing and transmission, the images are exposed to various noise frequently. In this research article, an Adaptive Weighted Mean-Median Filter (AWMMF) is proposed for robust Salt-and-Pepper Noise Removal Technique. In the proposed work the filtering window size is dynamically adjusted according to the local noise density. AWMMF integrates a weighted combination of mean and median values to enhance restoration quality while preserving image details. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is evaluated on standard benchmark Lena image and compared with existing denoising techniques like Adaptive Fuzzy Median Filter, Fast and Efficient Median Filter, Nonlinear Hybrid Filter, Improved Adaptive Type-2 Fuzzy Filter, Regeneration Filter, Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Adaptive Switching Modified Decision-Based Unsymmetric Trimmed Median Filter. For the performance analysis, the parameters considered are the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Mean Squared Error, Structural Similarity Index and Image Enhancement Factor. AWMMF provides a robust and computationally efficient solution for SAPN removal, making it suitable for real-world image processing applications.

Steel P91 is a heat-resistant steel with a high chromium content used in the manufacture of boiler and steam pipeline components operating at steam pressures up to 31 MPa and temperatures up to 600 °C. However, increased diffusion creep, which causes the formation of type III or IV cracks in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a welded joint, significantly reduces the service life of welded structures made from this steel. The purpose of the work is to develop a technology combining preand post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of steel to ensure equality of the microhardness values of the weld and HAZ, while maintaining its high impact toughness. The work investigates the effect of PWHT regimes of P91 steel on the mechanical properties and nature of destruction during impact bending testing of a weakened sector in the HAZ. Experimental dependences of the fracture force on time during a pendulum impact and the deflection of samples on the fracture force were obtained, using which the following were determined: crack initiation energy, total fracture energy, maximum deflection of the sample before fracture, maximum force and fracture force, time before fracture. It is shown that a combination of fivefold pre-weld thermal cycling treatment (TCT) in the temperature range of 700–1050 °C with subsequent TIG welding with heat input of no more than 4.4 kJ/cm in each pass and fivefold post-weld TCT in the range of 700–1050 °C with subsequent fivefold TCT in the range of 300–700 °C allows to increase the impact toughness values to – 96.8 J/cm2 in the weakened HAZ zone, which significantly exceeds the impact toughness value (29 J/cm2) in the weakened HAZ zone during standard heat treatment. At the same time, due to preand post-weld TCT, it was possible to achieve maximum stability of microhardness values – in the HAZ

The purpose of the work is to estimate the effect of installation error in the form of eccentricity of the working area and grip zone on the measured value of the longitudinal elasticity modulus under tension of rods made of unidirectional fiberglass. The research methodology included the development of a calculation scheme and analysis of the stress-strain state of a statically indeterminate rod subjected to axial tension. The radial displacement of the end of the rod with rigidly clamped edges is equal to the installation eccentricity of the working part relative to the grip zone. Additional axial deformations of the rod are determined by the energy method using the Mohr integral. The effect of the transverse force on the longitudinal deformations of the rod was neglected due to its smallness. An analytical dependence was obtained for determining longitudinal deformations caused by the influence of the bending moment from an eccentrically applied tensile force. The calculation assessment of additional deformations was carried out using the example of rods with a circular cross-section and strips of rectangular cross-section, made of unidirectional fiberglass with deformation properties identical to those of fiberglass reinforcement with a nominal diameter of 6 mm, manufactured in accordance with СТБ [STB – Standards of the Republic of Belarus] 1103–98. It is shown that for rods with a ratio of length l to diameter d or thickness h of at least 30, additional longitudinal deformations of the rod, determining the error in measuring the modulus of longitudinal elasticity, do not exceed 1 % in the entire considered range of axial loads. A more noticeable contribution is observed for short rods (l/d = 20) at a level of tensile axial stresses of 200 MPa and less. The research results can be used in engineering practice and in the educational process in the training of specialists in the construction and chemical engineering profile.

When processing optical parts, including lenses, a force-locking method is used, which differs from the geometric locking used in mechanical processing in that the tool is spontaneously positioned on the part and performs a complex movement along its working surface, consisting of relative and translational methods. The fundamental design of technological equipment for parallel shaping of the actuator surfaces of lenses under conditions of force closure with continuous direction of the working force along the normal to the processed spherical surfaces of the part and with its constant value in the process of reciprocating rotational movements of the tools, due to the presence in the equipment design of mechanisms for regulating the magnitude of the force pressing the tools to the workpiece by changing the angle of inclination of the working elements of these mechanisms is presented in the paper. The results of determining the rate of removal of the allowance from the working surface of the lens are presented when the tool pressing force is directed vertically and along the radius of curvature of the part. The geometrical relationships of the actuator of the technological equipment have been formalized. Formulas have been obtained for calculating the length of the input link of the actuator, providing the necessary amplitude of the translational movement of its output link, and for determining the linear speed of the tool in its reciprocating-rotational movement along the processed surface of the lens. Experimental studies have been conducted on the process of finishing lenses using the classical scheme, when the pressing force of the tool during its reciprocating-rotational movement along the working surface of the part is directed vertically, and according to the scheme, when this force coincides with the normal to the spherical surface of the part. As a result, an increase in productivity and quality of processing by an average of 15 and 30 %, respectively has been revealed.

Belarus has a relatively small number of large hydroelectric power plants due to the flat terrain and moderate climate, all of them were built in the last decade and meet all the requirements of regulatory documents. There are also more than 140 hydroelectric structures located in the country that belong to the 4th reliability class. It should be noted that the operation of water management structures plays an important role in regulating river flows, ensuring water supply, irrigation, navigation and flood protection. The paper considers approaches to mathematical modeling of the processes of flood flow through reconstructed hydroelectric structures. The main attention is paid to the development and application of complex models that allow forecasting changes in water levels, loads on structures and possible emergency situations. The developed methodology is based on the joint solution of water balance equations and hydrodynamic equations (Saint-Venant) to describe the flow in the reservoir and downstream. To take into account the features of the reconstructed hydroelectric structure, refined calculations of the capacity of spillways and the impact of changes in the profile of structures are used. An algorithm is proposed that includes: assessment of initial hydrological data and flood scenarios; calculation of reservoir filling dynamics; modeling of flow interactions with hydraulic structure elements. The calculations performed allow us to determine critical water levels, optimal gate control modes, and assess the risks of overflow or destruction of structures. The results obtained can be used in developing reconstruction projects, in operational management of hydraulic structures, and for preparing plans for preventing emergency situations. Based on the methodology developed by the author, an example of predictive calculation of levels in the channel reservoir of the Yanovo hydroelectric power station (HPS) has been considered and the flow parameters in the downstream pool have been determined with the definition of flood boundaries.

The purpose of this publication is to determine the main directions of national scientific and technical activity in the field of road safety in the period from 2000 to 2024 in accordance with the modern formulation of problems stated in the Concept of Road Safety. For this purpose, research, development and experimental technological works registered in the State Register of Research Works as well as abstracts posted in the electronic catalogue of the National Library of Belarus, were reviewed. The article describes methods for searching source data in the specified electronic databases. The results are presented as quantitative data characterizing R&D in the field of road safety, carried out over the past 25 years in the Republic of Belarus in the context of departmental subordination of the implementing organizations, as well as the scientific problems being solved. A downward trend in the scientific and technical activities in the previous five years is shown and probable causes for its occurrence are formulated. Analysis of dissertation research shows the presence of an expert community in the field of road safety. In the author's opinion, the number of qualifying scientific works and their subject matter are clear signs of the formation of the specialty “Ensuring Road Safety”. The formalization of this specialty could provide an additional impetus to the development in this direction. As a result of the work carried out, directions for further research are proposed, which can be either a continuation of this work or new ones, that meet current challenges of road safety, based on the principles of interdepartmental cooperation.

The analysis of the main growth theories and models has justified innovations and investments as the systemic factors of sustainable economic development. The evaluation of the Belarusian statehood formation history at the present stage has identified the main directions for the development of its economy (diversification, attracting foreign investments, developing human capital, reforming the state industrial sector, social protection, and justice). An assessment of the relations between the state and the market, which form the level of interaction of state administration bodies with scientific and industrial organizations for the period from the formation of the Belarusian statehood at the present stage of its development to the present day, has been carried out. The conducted analysis of the current state of individual assessment indicators and methods of using various levers of the public administration mechanism, assessment of the dynamics of key indicators of the development of the scientific-industrial complex (SIC) in Russia, as well as the study of foreign experience made it possible to develop proposals for promising areas of state policy in the field of attracting investments for the implementation of the program for the development of the scientific and industrial complex. The study is aimed at determining the conditions and forms of attracting investments for the formation and development of the SIC, considering the current economic realities of the Republic of Belarus, assessing the potential of the state investment policy and developing practical recommendations. The objectives of the study include: analysis of the dynamics of innovative development, identification of obstacles to the formation of an effective SIC, as well as comparison of national practice with international experience.