О характеристиках энергоэффективности лазерной эрозии при очистке от оксидов поверхностей углеродистых сталей, чугуна и низколегированных сплавов металлов. Часть 1

Проведено сравнение технологических характеристик изучаемых в последние годы и актуальных для металлообрабатывающего производства процессов лазерной эрозионной очистки (ЛО) изделий из ряда углеродистых сталей, чугуна и низколегированных сплавов цветных металлов от оксидных слоев из продуктов газовой или иной коррозии (часто имеющих негомогенную структуру и пористость). Для анализа эффективности различных (по составу слоев) лазерных процессов целесообразно использовать группу параметров, влияющих на энергоэффективность ЛО при деоксидировании поверхности. К этой группе отнесены: а) интегральный по времени энергетический критерий (K_en1s) нагрева до температур плавления и/или испарения слоя или (иногда) расположенной под ним металлической основы (или производный от K_en1s термохимический КПД нагрева), определяемый по энергозатратам; б) мощность (амплитудная  или  иная)  излучения  на  единицу  поверхности  (N₀)  или  отношение  N₀   к  теплопроводности  слоя, а также в) амплитуда давления фронта ударной волны (УВ) в лазерной плазме вблизи поверхности (P_sw-p) или включающий ее безразмерный параметр, равный отношению P_sw-p к напряжению сдвига для границы оксидный слой / металлическая основа. Безразмерный критерий K_en1s (или аналогичные ему) в ряде случаев будет удобнее для моделирования и масштабирования процессов ЛО, чем размерные комплексы, например тепловые критерии типа DMF (“difficulty of melting factor”),  апробированные  ранее  в  расчетах  плазменного  напыления  керамических  материалов. В данной группе параметров эффективности применима и такая характеристика, как нормированное (например, по Ken1s) число Пекле, характеризующее скорость движения границы плавления (или испарения) вдоль поверхности при сканировании луча. Рассматриваемые характеристики по предварительным данным позволяют оценить вклад основных механизмов удаления слоев в ходе импульсной ЛО: 1) теплового воздействия (“ablation”) с «медленным» нагреванием до точки плавления оксида (или до его испарения) в термодинамически квазиравновесных режимах; 2) инициирование термоупругих напряжений в кристаллической решетке фаз оксидов при воздействии импульса с высокой удельной мощностью, с образованием за счет этого сетки трещин в оксидной пленке и ее отслаиванием от металлической основы (“spallation”, приближенно характеризуемое достигаемым максимальным напряжением на границе пленка/основа); 3) плазмодинамический механизм действия фронта УВ на поверхность за счет генерации околоповерхностной плазмы с локальной УВ (с амплитудой давления до ≥10 МПа). При оценке процессов ЛО с учетом характеристик эффективности целесообразно использовать массив верифицированных данных, подобранных по теплофизическим свойствам слоев данного типа.

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