satНАУКА и ТЕХНИКАScience & Technique2227-10312414-0392Belarusian National Technical University10.21122/2227-1031-2022-21-3-179-190sat-2551Research ArticleМАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ И МАШИНОВЕДЕНИЕMECHANICAL ENGINEERING АND ENGINEERING SCIENCEОценка испарительной деградации катодов плазмотронов с CxHy-содержащими плазмами для напыления, тестирования теплозащиты и смежных технологийEvaluation of Evaporative Degradation of Arc Torch Cathodes in Hydrocarbon-Containing Plasmas for Spraying, Thermal Protection Testing and Related TechnologiesГорбуновА. B.GorbunovA. V.

Кандидат технических наук 

Сан-Жозе-дус-Кампус

 

Sao Jose dos Campos

ГорбуноваВ. А.GorbunovaV. A.

Адрес для переписки:Горбунова Вера Алексеевна –Белорусский национальный технический университет,пр-т Независимости, 67,220013, г. Минск, Республика Беларусь.Тел.: +375 17 293-92-71ecology@bntu.by

 

Address for correspondence:Gorbunova Vera A. –Belаrusian National Technical University,67, Nezavisimosty Ave.,220013, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.Tel.: +375 17 293-92-71ecology@bntu.by

ecology@bntu.byДевойноО. Г.DevoinoO. G.

Доктор технических наук, профессор

г. Минск

Minsk

Петракони-фильоЖ.Petraconi FilhoG.

Доктор философии (PhD), профессор

Сан-Жозе-дус-Кампус

Sao Jose dos Campos

ГалиновскийА. А.HalinouskiA. A.

Кандидат технических наук 

Прага

Prague

Технологический институт аэронавтикиБразилияAeronautics Institute of TechnologyBrazilБелорусский национальный техническийБеларусьBelarusian National Technical UniversityBelarusИнститут физики атмосферы Академии наук Чешской РеспубликиЧехияInstitute of Atmospheric Physics of CASCzech Republic202201062022213179190Copyright © Горбунов А.B., Горбунова В.А., Девойно О.Г., Петракони-фильо Ж., Галиновский А.А., 20222022Горбунов А.B., Горбунова В.А., Девойно О.Г., Петракони-фильо Ж., Галиновский А.А.Gorbunov A.V., Gorbunova V.A., Devoino O.G., Petraconi Filho G., Halinouski A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://sat.bntu.by/jour/article/view/2551

Разработка электродуговых плазмотронов (ЭДП) на плазмообразующих газах с алкановыми углеводородами (АУВ) как перспективной разновидности плазмотронов косвенного действия для ряда технологий (в том числе напыления покрытий, тестирования теплозащитных материалов и др.) требует учета скорости испарения материала катодов (как одного из каналов их абляционной деградации). Для этой процедуры в качестве первой стадии может быть использовано моделирование состава и свойств реагирующей системы типа C–H–O–N–Ar–Me термодинамическим методом при варьируемых входных параметрах – соотношении компонентов в плазмообразующей смеси, ее давлении и температуре. Авторы теоретически оценивали испарительную деградацию материалов в трех вариантах катода ЭДП с АУВ-содержащими плазмами («холодный» из меди и тугоплавкие «горячие» – термохимический из циркония и термоэмиссионный из вольфрама) в квазиравновесном и равновесном режимах смеси «плазмообразователь + материал поверхности катода» с учетом обобщенных данных по фазовым переходам в данных материалах. Расчет для условий с характерным для разрядной камеры ЭДП давлением показал, что изменение состава плазмы (от окислителя (смесь продуктов сгорания АУВ) до восстановителя из продуктов комбинации частичного окисления и пиролиза АУВ) дает явный эффект отличия интенсивности испарения катода EAI вблизи точки плавления вещества его поверхности в воздушно-алкановых средах по сравнению с вариантом ЭДП на более простых газах (техническом N2, воздухе), причем для двух вариантов катода (за исключением меди). Сопоставлен уровень эрозии (рассчитанный по испарительной составляющей) циркониевого катода в среде продуктов сгорания АУВ (из смеси «воздух + CH4») и этот же параметр, но в опытах с известными ЭДП со сходными катодами в других газах. На примере ранее изученного ЭДП со стержневым катодом из Zr с гетерогенной поверхностью показано, что термохимический расчет дает немонотонное изменение параметра EAI и концентраций Zr-содержащих паров при сдвиге фактора эквивалентности f плазмообразующей смеси. Такой эффект не согласуется с найденным в эксперименте составом катода, что указывает на вероятность неравновесного характера тепловых процессов и диффузии в приэлектродной плазме и в поверхностном слое (~1 мм) катода, по крайней мере, в режимах с силой постоянного тока в дуге ЭДП около 300 А. Полученные в расчете данные о поведении соединений ZrO2 и ZrC в системе C–H–O–N–Ar–Zr можно применять не только для оптимизации катодов плазмотронов, но и в разработке новых Zr-содержащих керамических теплозащитных систем, в том числе для прогноза темпа их разрушения в потоках продуктов сгорания (в том числе неполного) моторных, ракетных и иных топлив. Сходным образом результаты по поведению меди вблизи температуры ее испарения могут быть полезны для совершенствования процессов газотермического напыления покрытий из сплавов меди.

Design of non-transferred DC electric arc plasma torches (EAPTs) operated with plasma gases containing alkane hydrocarbons, as a promising type of heaters for a number of technologies (thermal spraying, surface hardening, testing of thermal protection systems, etc.), requires taking into account the evaporation rate of surface cathode material (as one of the channels of its ablative degradation). For this procedure, as the first stage, thermodynamic methods can be used to simulate the composition and properties of reactive C–H–O–N–Ar–Me-systems with variable set of such input parameters as the ratio of components of plasma-forming mixture, its pressure and temperature. We theoretically estimated the evaporative degradation of the material for three variants of EAPT cathode with alkane-containing plasmas (“hot” thermochemical zirconium and thermionic tungsten, and “cold” copper) in equilibrium and quasi-equilibrium modes of “plasma gas + surface cathode material”-mixture, with use of generalized thermodynamic properties of the materials. The calculation for conditions with pressure, which is characteristic for EAPT discharge chamber, showed that when varying the initial composition of the plasma-forming mixture (from oxidizers (air or combustion products of alkanes) to reducing gases based on the products of combined partial oxidation and pyrolysis of alkanes), the effect of a difference in the cathode evaporation rate EAI was observed in systems based on (air + alkane)-mixtures near the melting point of surface cathode substances, in a comparison with the case of EAPTs with more conventional gases (commercial N2, air) and, importantly, for two variants of the analyzed cathodes (with the exception of copper). In addition, the electrode erosion value was compared for simulated zirconium cathode (in terms of erosion evaporative component) when operating on the combustion products of alkanes from “air + CH4”-mixture, and for some known EAPTs with similar cathodes in other gases. Using the case of earlier tested DC plasma torch with rod Zr-cathode (with microheterogeneous surface) as an example, it was found that our calculation indicates non-monotonic dynamics of EAI value and fractions of Zr-containing vapors as a result of the change of the fuel-air equivalence ratio f of initial reactive mixture. This effect is inconsistent with measured cathode composition, which shows a probability of nonequilibrium character of thermal and diffusion processes in near-electrode plasma and surface layer (~1 mm) of the electrode, at least in the modes with arc current in the torch near 300 A. Besides this, it should be noted that obtained modeling data on the behavior of zirconium compounds (ZrO2, ZrC) in C–H–O–N–Ar–Zr-system can be used not only for improvement of the torch cathodes, but also for design of new Zr-containing thermal protection systems to predict preliminary their ablation rate in a flow of products of combustion (including incomplete one) of engine-, rocket- and other fuels. Similarly, the results on the copper compounds behavior near the metal evaporation temperature can be useful for optimizing the process of plasma spraying of copper alloy coatings.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.